Enterovirus (taxid:12059)

General

Enterovirus is a genus of ssRNA+ viruses in the Picornaviridae family that infect mammals. In humans, these viruses cause gastroenteritis (enteroviruses) or respiratory infections (rhinoviruses).

NB. Rhinoviruses are merged into enterovirus genus

VIRION

Non-enveloped, spherical, about 30 nm in diameter, T=pseudo3 icosahedral capsid surrounding the naked RNA genome. The capsid consists of a densely-packed icosahedral arrangement of 60 protomers, each consisting of 4 polypeptides, VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4. VP4 is located on the internal side of the capsid.

GENOME

Monopartite, linear ssRNA(+) genome of 7.2-8.5 kb, polyadenylated, composed of a single ORF encoding a polyprotein. Viral genomic RNA has a viral protein (VPg) at its 5' end instead of a methylated nucleotide cap structure. The long UTR at the 5' end contains a type I internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The P1 region encodes the structural polypeptides. The P2 and P3 regions encode the nonstructural proteins associated with replication.

GENE EXPRESSION

The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both the genome and viral messenger RNA. The IRES allows direct translation of the polyprotein. The polyprotein is initially processed by the viral proteases into three precursor proteins, P1, P2, and P3. Precursor P1 is then proteolytically cleaved to yield the structural proteins. Precursors P2 and P3 are processed into replicase, VPg, and a number of proteins that modify the host cell, ultimately leading to cell lysis. Enterovirus A, B, E, F and G genomes and around half the enterovirus C genomes encode an upstream open reading frame (uORF).

ENZYMES

REPLICATION

poliovirus replication cycle

CYTOPLASMIC

Attachement of the virus to host receptors mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell.
The capsid undergoes a conformational change and releases VP4 that opens a pore in the host endosomal membrane and the viral genomic RNA penetrates into the host cell cytoplasm (the empty capsid remains intact).
VPg is removed from the viral RNA, which is then translated into a processed polyprotein.
Shutoff of cellular cap-dependent translation through the cleavage of translation initiation factors by viral protease.
Replication occurs in viral factories made of membrane vesicles derived from the ER. A dsRNA genome is synthesized from the genomic ssRNA(+).
The dsRNA genome is transcribed/replicated thereby providing viral mRNAs/new ssRNA(+) genomes.
New genomic RNA is believed to be packaged into preassembled procapsids.
Cell lysis and virus release.
Maturation of provirions by an unknown host protease.

DB LINKS

TAXONOMY Group IV; ssRNA positive-strand viruses

Realm:	Riboviria
Kingdom:	Orthornavirae
Phylum:	Pisuviricota
Class:	Pisoniviricetes
Order:	Picornavirales
Family:	Picornaviridae
Genus:	Enterovirus

VIRUS

Enterovirus C
Enterovirus A
Enterovirus B
Enterovirus D
Enterovirus E
Enterovirus F
Enterovirus G
Enterovirus H
Enterovirus I
Enterovirus J
Enterovirus K
Enterovirus L
Rhinovirus A
Rhinovirus B
Rhinovirus C

REFERENCE STRAIN Poliovirus (Human enterovirus C serotype PV-1)
Sequence | Genome assembly | Proteome
Human rhinovirus A serotype 89
Sequence | Genome assembly | Proteome

Host

NATURAL HOSTS Human, mammals

TROPISM Enterovirus: The gastrointestinal tract is the primary site of infection.
Rhinovirus: Upper respiratory tract is the primary site of infection.

INTERACTIONS Cell receptors:
PV: PVR

CV-A9: Integrin alphaV – beta3, Integrin alphaV – beta6

CV-A21: ICAM-1, CD55

CV-B1 to CV-B6: CXADR

CV-B1, CV-B3 and CV-B5: CD55

E-1 and E-8: Integrin alpha2 – beta1

E-6, E-7, E-11, E-12, E-20 and E-21: CD55

E-70: alpha2,3-linked sialic, CD55

Major group HRV: ICAM1

Minor group HRV: VLDVR

HRV-87: sialic acids

Host-virus interaction

Ecology and disease

GEOGRAPHY worldwide

ASSOCIATED DISEASES Paralysis (non-polio and polio-type), summer cold, meningitis, diarrhea.
(PV) Polyomyelitis
Rhinovirus: Common cold
CVA9:aseptic meningitis and encephalitis
CVA5, CVA6, CVA10, and CVA12: Herpangina
Enterovirus 71, CVA16: Hand, foot and mouth disease
Enterovirus 70,CVA24 :acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Coxsackie B viruses: pleurodynia, aseptic meningitis and encephalitis
Coxsackie virus B6 (CVB6): Summer grippe

TRANSMISSION Fecal-oral or Respiratory.

VACCINE Poliovirus

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS Rhinovirus: Pleconaril

Host-virus interaction

Apoptosis modulation

Picornaviruses modulate host apoptosis .

Poliovirus infection activates the apoptotic pathway, involving mitochondrial damage, cytochrome c efflux, and consecutive activation of caspases (caspase-3 caspase and -9) , whereas antiapoptotic activity has been attributed to cardiovirus leader protein .

Modulation of apoptosis depends on the host cell-type and on the time the infection because of the presence of viral pro- and anti-apoptotic factors respectively at the beginning and at the end of the infectious cycle .

Autophagy modulation

Picornaviruses subvert the cell autophagic pathway to facilitates viral infection :

- Human rhinovirus 2 activates the autophagic pathway
- Coxsackievirus and poliovirus infection induces autophagy-like vesicles

Innate immune response inhibition

Picornaviruses inhibit the host IFN-mediated response by inactivating either MDA-5, RIG-I, MAVS or IRF-3:
- Coxsackievirus B3 cleaves and inhibits MAVS
- Enteroviruses cleave and inhibit RIG-I
- Poliovirus cleaves and inhibits MDA-5

Picornaviruses inhibit Toll-like receptor 3 mediated antiviral response as well:

- Coxsackievirus B 3C and enterovirus 71 proteases 3C cleave TRIF .

Host gene expression shutoff by virus

Enteroviruses inhibit host translation by cleaving PABP (coxsackievirus and poliovirus) , eIF5B and activating 4E-BP1 .

Poliovirus also inhibits host transcription by cleaving the TATA-binding protein .

HRV14, HRV16 and poliovirus inhibit host mRNA export as well .

GENERAL Back to enterovirus page

NATURAL HOSTS Human, mammals

TROPISM Enterovirus: The gastrointestinal tract is the primary site of infection.
Rhinovirus: Upper respiratory tract is the primary site of infection.

INTERACTIONS Cell receptors:
PV: PVR

CV-A9: Integrin alphaV – beta3, Integrin alphaV – beta6

CV-A21: ICAM-1, CD55

CV-B1 to CV-B6: CXADR

CV-B1, CV-B3 and CV-B5: CD55

E-1 and E-8: Integrin alpha2 – beta1

E-6, E-7, E-11, E-12, E-20 and E-21: CD55

E-70: alpha2,3-linked sialic, CD55

Major group HRV: ICAM1

Minor group HRV: VLDVR

HRV-87: sialic acids

ASSOCIATED DISEASES Paralysis (non-polio and polio-type), summer cold, meningitis, diarrhea.
(PV) Polyomyelitis
Rhinovirus: Common cold

TRANSMISSION Fecal-oral or Respiratory.

Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries

(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)

47 entries grouped by strain

reorder by protein

Poliovirus type 1 (strain Mahoney) reference strain

2 entries

POLG_POL1M Genome polyprotein [Cleaved into: P1; Capsid protein VP0 (VP4-VP2); Capsid protein VP4 (P1A) (Virion ...

1AL2; 1AR6; 1AR7; 1AR8; 1AR9; 1ASJ; 1DGI; 1FPT; 1HXS; 1L1N; 1NG7; 1NN8; 1PO1; 1PO2; 1POV; 1RA6; 1RA7; 1RAJ; 1RDR; 1TQL; 1VBD; 1XYR; 2BBL; 2BBP; 2IJD; 2IJF; 2ILY; 2ILZ; 2IM0; 2IM1; 2IM2; 2IM3; 2PLV; 3EPC; 3IYB; 3IYC; 3J3O; 3J3P; 3J48; 3J8F; 3J9F; 3JBC; 3JBD; 3JBE; 3JBF; 3JBG; 3OL7; 4DCD; 4K4S; 4K4T; 4K4U; 4K4V; 4K4W; 4NLO; 4NLP; 4NLQ; 4NLR; 4NLS; 4NLT; 4NLU; 4NLV; 4NLW; 4NLX; 4NLY; 4R0E; 5KTZ; 5KU0; 5KU2; 5KWL; 5Z3Q; 6HLV; 6P9O; 6P9W; 6PSZ; 9FQ2

ORF2P_POL1M ORF2p protein

Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 (strain 41467-Gallo) (HRV-89) reference strain

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B3 (strain Nancy)

2 entries

POLG_CXB3N Genome polyprotein [Cleaved into: P1; Capsid protein VP0 (VP4-VP2); Capsid protein VP4 (P1A) (Virion ...

2VB0; 2ZTX; 2ZTY; 2ZTZ; 2ZU1; 2ZU3; 3CDU; 3CDW; 4WFX; 4WFY; 4WFZ; 4Y2A; 6S3A; 6T3W; 7LMS; 7QUW; 7W0Q; 7W0S; 7W0T; 8S6F; 8Y2T

ORF2P_CXB3N ORF2p protein

Human enterovirus 71 (strain USA/BrCr/1970) (EV71) (EV-71)

2 entries

Bovine enterovirus (strain VG-5-27) (BEV)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus A16 (strain G-10)

1 entry

POLG_CX16G Genome polyprotein [Cleaved into: P1; Capsid protein VP0 (VP4-VP2); Capsid protein VP4 (P1A) (Virion ...

7H2T; 7H2U; 7H2V; 7H2W; 7H2X; 7H2Y; 7H2Z; 7H30; 7H31; 7H32; 7H33; 7H34; 7H35; 7H36; 7H37; 7H38; 7H39; 7H3A; 7H3B; 7H3C; 7H3D; 7H3E; 7H3F; 7H3G; 7H3H; 7H3I; 7H3J; 7H3K; 7H3L; 7H3M; 7H3N; 7H3O; 7H3P; 7H3Q; 7H3R; 7H3S; 7H3T; 7H3U; 7H3V; 7H3W; 7H3X; 7H3Y; 7H3Z; 7H40; 7H41; 7H42; 7H43; 7H44; 7H45; 7H46; 7H47; 7H48; 7H49; 7H4A; 7H4B; 7H4C; 7H4D; 7H4E; 7H4F; 7H4G; 7H4H; 7H4I; 7H4J; 7H4K; 7H4L; 7H4M; 7H4N; 7H4O; 7H4P; 7H4Q; 7H4R; 7H4S; 7H4T; 7H4U; 7H4V; 7H4W; 7H4X; 7H4Y; 7H4Z; 7H50; 7H51; 7H52; 7H53; 7H54; 7H55; 7HOC; 7HOD; 7HOE; 7HOF; 7HOG; 7HOH; 7HOI; 7HUF; 7HUG; 7HUH; 7HUI; 7HUJ; 7HUK; 7HUL; 7HUN; 7HUO; 7HUP; 7HUQ; 7HUR; 7HUS; 7HUT; 7HUU; 7HUV; 7HUW; 7HUX; 7HUY; 7HUZ; 7HV0; 7HV1; 7HV2; 7HV3; 7HV4; 7HV5; 7HV6; 7HV7; 7HV8; 7HV9; 7HVA; 7HVB; 7HVC; 7HVD; 7HVE; 7HVF; 7HVG; 7HVH; 7HVI; 7HVJ; 7HVK; 7HVL; 7HVM; 7HVN; 7HVO; 7HVQ; 7HVR; 7HVS; 7HVT; 7HVU; 7HVV; 7HVW; 7HVX; 7HVY; 7HVZ; 7HW0; 7HW1; 7HW3; 7HW4; 7HW5; 7HW6; 7HW8; 7HW9; 7HWA; 7HWB; 7HWC; 7HWD; 7HWE; 7HWF; 7HWG; 7HWH; 7HWI; 7HWJ; 7HWK; 7HWL; 7HWM; 7HWN; 7HWO; 7HWP; 7HWQ; 7HWR; 7HWS; 7HWT; 7HWU; 7HWV; 7HWW; 7HWX; 7HWY; 7HWZ; 7HX0; 7HX1; 7HX2; 7HX3; 7HX4; 7HX5; 7HX6; 7HX7; 7HX8; 7HX9; 7HXA; 7HXB; 7HXC; 7HXD; 7HXE; 7HXF; 7HXG; 7HXH; 7HXI; 7HXJ; 7HXK; 7HXL; 7HXM; 7HXN; 7HXO; 7HXP; 7HXQ; 7HXR; 7HXS; 7HXT; 7HXU; 7HXV; 7HXW; 7HXX; 7HXY; 7HXZ; 7HY0; 7HY1; 7HY2; 7HY3; 7HY4; 7HY5; 7HY6; 7HY7; 7HY8; 7HY9; 7HYA; 7HYB; 7HYC; 7HYD; 7HYE; 7HYF; 7HYG; 7HYH; 7HYI; 7HYJ; 7HYK; 7HYL; 7HYM; 7HYN; 7HYO; 7HYP; 7HYQ; 7HYR; 7HYS; 7HYT; 7HYU; 7HYV; 7HYW; 7HYX; 7HYY; 7HYZ; 7HZ0; 7HZ1; 7HZ2; 7HZ3; 7HZ4; 7HZ5; 7HZ6; 7HZ7; 7HZ8; 7HZ9; 7HZA; 7HZB; 7HZC; 7HZD; 7HZE; 7HZF; 7HZG; 7HZH; 7HZI; 7HZJ; 7HZK; 7HZL; 7HZM; 7HZN; 7HZO; 7HZP; 7HZQ; 7HZR; 7HZS; 7HZT; 7HZU; 8POA

Coxsackievirus A16 (strain Tainan/5079/98)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus A21 (strain Coe)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus A24 (strain EH24/70)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus A9 (strain Griggs)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B1 (strain Japan)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B2 (strain Ohio-1)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B3 (strain Woodruff)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B4 (strain E2)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B4 (strain JVB / Benschoten / New York/51)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B5 (strain Peterborough / 1954/UK/85)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B6 (strain Schmitt)

1 entry

Echovirus 1 (strain Human/Egypt/Farouk/1951) (E-1)

1 entry

Echovirus 11 (strain Gregory)

1 entry

Echovirus 12 (strain Travis)

1 entry

Echovirus 30 (strain Bastianni)

1 entry

Echovirus 5 (strain Noyce)

1 entry

Echovirus 6 (strain Charles)

1 entry

Echovirus 9 (strain Barty)

1 entry

Echovirus 9 (strain Hill)

1 entry

Human enterovirus 70 (strain J670/71) (EV70) (EV-70)

1 entry

Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) (EV-71)

1 entry

Human enterovirus 71 (strain 7423/MS/87) (EV71) (EV-71)

1 entry

Human enterovirus D68 (EV68) (EV-68)

1 entry

POLG_HED68 Genome polyprotein [Cleaved into: P1; Capsid protein VP0 (VP4-VP2); Capsid protein VP4 (P1A) (Virion ...

4WM7; 4WM8; 5BNN; 5BNO; 5BNP; 6HLN; 6HMV; 7GNV; 7GNW; 7GNX; 7GNY; 7GNZ; 7GO0; 7GO1; 7GO2; 7GO3; 7GO4; 7GO5; 7GO6; 7GO7; 7GO8; 7GO9; 7GOA; 7GOB; 7GOC; 7GOD; 7GOE; 7GOF; 7GOG; 7GOH; 7GOI; 7GOJ; 7GOK; 7GOL; 7GOM; 7GON; 7GOO; 7GOP; 7GOQ; 7GOR; 7GOS; 7GOT; 7GOU; 7GOV; 7GOW; 7GOX; 7GOY; 7GOZ; 7GP0; 7GP1; 7GP2; 7GP3; 7GP4; 7GP5; 7GP6; 7GP7; 7GP8; 7GP9; 7GPA; 7GPC; 7GPD; 7GPE; 7GPF; 7GPG; 7GPH; 7GPI; 7GPJ; 7GPK; 7GPL; 7GPM; 7GPN; 7GPO; 7GPP; 7GPQ; 7GPR; 7GPS; 7GPT; 7GPU; 7GPV; 7GPW; 7GPX; 7GPY; 7GPZ; 7GQ0; 7GQ1; 7GQ2; 7GQ3; 7GQ4; 7GQ5; 7GQ6; 7GQ7; 7GQ8; 7GQ9; 7GQA; 7GQB; 7GQC; 7GQD; 7GQE; 7GQF; 7GQG; 7GQH; 7GQI; 7GQJ; 7GQK; 7GQL; 7GQM; 7GQN; 7GQO; 7GQP; 7GQQ; 7GQR; 7JRE; 8CNX

Human rhinovirus 14 (HRV-14)

1 entry

POLG_HRV14 Genome polyprotein [Cleaved into: P1; Capsid protein VP0 (VP4-VP2); Capsid protein VP4 (P1A) (Virion ...

1D3I; 1HRI; 1HRV; 1K5M; 1NA1; 1NCQ; 1R08; 1R09; 1RMU; 1RUC; 1RUD; 1RUE; 1RUF; 1RUG; 1RUH; 1RUI; 1RUJ; 1RVF; 1VRH; 1XR5; 2B0F; 2HWB; 2HWC; 2IN2; 2R04; 2R06; 2R07; 2RM2; 2RMU; 2RR1; 2RS1; 2RS3; 2RS5; 4PDW; 4RHV; 5W3E; 5W3L; 5W3M; 5W3O; 6HLT; 6KYZ; 6KZ0

Human rhinovirus 16 (HRV-16)

1 entry

Human rhinovirus 1A (HRV-1A)

1 entry

Human rhinovirus 1B (HRV-1B)

1 entry

Human rhinovirus 2 (HRV-2)

1 entry

Human rhinovirus 3 (HRV-3)

1 entry

Human rhinovirus C (strain C15) (HRV-C15)

1 entry

Poliovirus type 1 (strain Sabin)

1 entry

Poliovirus type 2 (strain Lansing)

1 entry

Poliovirus type 2 (strain W-2)

1 entry

Poliovirus type 3 (strain 23127)

1 entry

Poliovirus type 3 (strains P3/Leon/37 and P3/Leon 12A[1]B)

1 entry

Porcine enterovirus 9 (strain UKG/410/73)

1 entry

Swine vesicular disease virus (strain H/3 '76) (SVDV)

1 entry

Swine vesicular disease virus (strain UKG/27/72) (SVDV)

1 entry