Arteriviridae (taxid:76803)

VIRION

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Enveloped, spherical, about 45-60 nm in diameter. The virion is comprised of an isometric core of 20-30 nm surrounded by a lipid-containing envelope. The RNA genome associates with the N protein to form the nucleocapsid.

GENOME

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Monopartite, linear, ssRNA(+) genome of 12-16kb in size, capped, and polyadenylated. The leader RNA (65-89 bp) at the 5' end of the genome is also present at the end of each subgenomic RNAs.

GENE EXPRESSION

The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both genome and viral messenger RNA. ORF1b is translated by a ribosomal frameshifting. Polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab are processed into the viral polymerase (RdRp) and other non-structural proteins involved in RNA synthesis. Structural proteins are expressed as subgenomic RNAs. The mRNA2 is bicistronic. PRRSV, LDV and SHFV also express a truncated polyprotein 1aTF due to a ribosomal frameshifting in the nsp2 gene.
The 3' proximal region of SHFV contains in addition a large insertion that may encode three additional glycoproteins. Protein GP2 and 5a are produced by leaky scanning from the E and gp5 subgenomic mRNA respectively.

ENZYMES

REPLICATION

CYTOPLASMIC

  1. Attachement to host receptors mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the virus into the host cell.
  2. Fusion of virus membrane with the endosomal membrane. ssRNA(+) genome is released into the cytoplasm.
  3. Synthesis and proteolysis of replicase polyproteins.
  4. Replication occurs in viral factories. A dsRNA genome is synthesized from the genomic ssRNA(+).
  5. The dsRNA genome is transcribed/replicated thereby providing viral mRNAs/new ssRNA(+) genomes.
  6. Synthesis of structural proteins encoded by subgenomic mRNAs.
  7. assembly and ESCRT-independent budding at the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), intermediate compartments, and/or Golgi complex.
  8. Release of new virions by exocytosis.

Host-virus interaction

Apoptosis modulation

The equine arteritis virus and PRRSV induce apoptosis via host caspases activation (caspase-8 and mitochondria-dependent caspase-9)

Autophagy modulation

PRRSV induces autophagy to promote virus replication .

Innate immune response inhibition

PRRSV clearly inhibits the type-I IFN response and down-regulates TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8 expression.
At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways :

Nsp1α subunit inhibits the IκB phosphorylation in the cytoplasm and therefore the activation of NF-κB.

Nsp1β inhibits phosphorylation of STAT1 and nuclear translocation of ISGF3 complex (composed of STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9). Nsp1β prevents IRF3 activation, thereby interfering with the RIG-I signaling pathway .

Nsp2 inhibits IFN production by blocking the ubiquitinylation of phosphorylated IκB and phosphorylation of IRF3 through the OTU domain. Nsp2 has the potential to deconjugate ISGylation.

Nsp11 suppresses IFN-β production through degradation of IPS-1 mRNA. For the second wave of IFN signaling, PRRSV Nsp1β blocks the phosphorylation of STATs and inhibits the nuclear translocation of ISGF3 complex (composed of STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9).

Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries

(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)

40 entries grouped by strain

10 entries

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (strain Lelystad) (PRRSV) reference strain

Select_allDeselect_all
E_PRRSL Envelope small membrane protein (Protein E) (Glycoprotein 2b) (Protein GP2b) (Gs)
RPOTF_PRRSL Replicase polyprotein 1TF (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1 (EC 3.4.22.-); Nsp1-alpha ...
RPOA_PRRSL Replicase polyprotein 1ab (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1 (EC 3.4.22.-); Nsp1-alpha ...
GP5_PRRSL Glycoprotein 5 (Protein GP5) (G(L))
NCAP_PRRSL Nucleoprotein (Nucleocapsid protein) (Protein N)
M_PRRSL Membrane protein (Protein M)
GP2A_PRRSL Glycoprotein 2a (Protein GP2a) (GP2)
GP3_PRRSL Glycoprotein 3 (Protein GP3)
GP4_PRRSL Glycoprotein 4 (Protein GP4)
ORF5A_PRRSL Structural protein ORF5a

9 entries

Equine arteritis virus (strain Bucyrus) (EAV) reference strain

Select_allDeselect_all
RPOA_EAVBU Replicase polyprotein 1ab (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1 papain-like cysteine proteinase ...
GP3_EAVBU Glycoprotein 3 (Protein GP3)
GP5_EAVBU Glycoprotein 5 (Protein GP5) (G(L))
E_EAVBU Envelope small membrane protein (Protein E) (Glycoprotein 2a) (Protein GP2a)
GP2B_EAVBU Glycoprotein 2b (Protein GP2b) (GP(S))
M_EAVBU Membrane protein (Protein M)
GP4_EAVBU Glycoprotein 4 (Protein GP4)
ORF5A_EAVBU Protein ORF5a
NCAP_EAVBU Nucleoprotein (Nucleocapsid protein) (Protein N)

1 entry

Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) reference strain

RPOA_SHFV Replicase polyprotein 1ab (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1-alpha papain-like cysteine ...

9 entries

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate Pig/United States/SD 01-08/2001) (PRRSV)

Select_allDeselect_all
RPOA_PRRSS Replicase polyprotein 1ab (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1 (EC 3.4.22.-); Nsp1-alpha ...
1ATF_PRRSS Truncated polyprotein 1aTF [Cleaved into: Nsp1 (EC 3.4.22.-); Nsp1-alpha papain-like cysteine ...
GP2A_PRRSS Glycoprotein 2a (Protein GP2a) (GP2)
E_PRRSS Envelope small membrane protein (Protein E) (Glycoprotein 2b) (Protein GP2b) (Gs)
GP4_PRRSS Glycoprotein 4 (Protein GP4)
GP3_PRRSS Glycoprotein 3 (Protein GP3)
GP5_PRRSS Glycoprotein 5 (Protein GP5) (G(L))
M_PRRSS Membrane protein (Protein M)
NCAP_PRRSS Nucleoprotein (Nucleocapsid protein) (Protein N)

3 entries

Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (strain C) (LDV)

Select_allDeselect_all
RPOA_LDVC Replicase polyprotein 1ab (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1-alpha papain-like cysteine ...
NCAP_LDVC Nucleoprotein (Nucleocapsid protein) (Protein N)
VPX_LDVC Protein X (Envelope protein) (VpX)

2 entries

Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV)

Select_allDeselect_all
NCAP_LDV Nucleoprotein (Nucleocapsid protein) (Protein N)
VPX_LDV Protein X (Envelope protein) (VpX)

2 entries

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (strain VR-2332) (PRRSV)

Select_allDeselect_all
RPOA_PRRSR Replicase polyprotein 1ab (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1 (EC 3.4.22.-); Nsp1-alpha ...
ORF5A_PRRSR Structural protein ORF5a

1 entry

Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (strain Plagemann) (LDV)

RPOA_LDVP Replicase polyprotein 1ab (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1-alpha papain-like cysteine ...

1 entry

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)

RPOA_PRRSV Replicase polyprotein 1ab (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1 (EC 3.4.22.-); Nsp1-alpha ...

1 entry

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (strain 16244B) (PRRSV)

RPOA_PRRS1 Replicase polyprotein 1ab (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1 (EC 3.4.22.-); Nsp1-alpha ...

1 entry

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (strain HB-1) (PRRSV)

RPOA_PRRSB Replicase polyprotein 1ab (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1 (EC 3.4.22.-); Nsp1-alpha ...