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UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry Q9ULZ1


[Entry info] [Name and origin] [References] [Comments] [Cross-references] [Keywords] [Features] [Sequence] [Tools]

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Entry information
Entry name APEL_HUMAN
Primary accession number Q9ULZ1
Secondary accession numbers Q4VY08 Q8WU89
Integrated into Swiss-Prot on January 23, 2002
Sequence was last modified on May 1, 2000 (Sequence version 1)
Annotations were last modified on    June 16, 2009 (Entry version 56)
Name and origin of the protein
Protein name Apelin [Precursor]
Synonym APJ endogenous ligand
Contains Apelin-36
Apelin-31
Apelin-28
Apelin-13
Gene name
Name: APLN
Synonyms: APEL
From
Homo sapiens (Human) [TaxID: 9606] 
Taxonomy Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
Protein existence 2: Evidence at transcript level;
References
[1]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
TISSUE=Brain;
DOI=10.1006/bbrc.1998.9489; PubMed=9792798 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Tatemoto K., Hosoya M., Habata Y., Fujii R., Kakegawa T., Zou M.-X., Kawamata Y., Fukusumi S., Hinuma S., Kitada C., Kurokawa T., Onda H., Fujino M.;
"Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor.";
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251:471-476(1998).
[2]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
TISSUE=Brain;
DOI=10.1016/S0167-4889(99)00114-7; PubMed=10525157 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Habata Y., Fujii R., Hosoya M., Fukusumi S., Kawamata Y., Hinuma S., Kitada C., Nishizawa N., Murosaki S., Kurokawa T., Onda H., Tatemoto K., Fujino M.;
"Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, is abundantly secreted in the colostrum.";
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1452:25-35(1999).
[3]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
TISSUE=Hypothalamus;
DOI=10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0740034.x; PubMed=10617103 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Lee D.K., Cheng R., Nguyen T., Fan T., Kariyawasam A.P., Liu Y., Osmond D.H., George S.R., O'Dowd B.F.;
"Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor.";
J. Neurochem. 74:34-41(2000).
[4]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
DOI=10.1038/nature03440; PubMed=15772651 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Ross M.T., Grafham D.V., Coffey A.J., Scherer S., McLay K., Muzny D., Platzer M., Howell G.R., Burrows C., Bird C.P., Frankish A., Lovell F.L., Howe K.L., Ashurst J.L., Fulton R.S., Sudbrak R., Wen G., Jones M.C., Hurles M.E., Andrews T.D., Scott C.E., Searle S., Ramser J., Whittaker A., Deadman R., Carter N.P., Hunt S.E., Chen R., Cree A., Gunaratne P., Havlak P., Hodgson A., Metzker M.L., Richards S., Scott G., Steffen D., Sodergren E., Wheeler D.A., Worley K.C., Ainscough R., Ambrose K.D., Ansari-Lari M.A., Aradhya S., Ashwell R.I., Babbage A.K., Bagguley C.L., Ballabio A., Banerjee R., Barker G.E., Barlow K.F., Barrett I.P., Bates K.N., Beare D.M., Beasley H., Beasley O., Beck A., Bethel G., Blechschmidt K., Brady N., Bray-Allen S., Bridgeman A.M., Brown A.J., Brown M.J., Bonnin D., Bruford E.A., Buhay C., Burch P., Burford D., Burgess J., Burrill W., Burton J., Bye J.M., Carder C., Carrel L., Chako J., Chapman J.C., Chavez D., Chen E., Chen G., Chen Y., Chen Z., Chinault C., Ciccodicola A., Clark S.Y., Clarke G., Clee C.M., Clegg S., Clerc-Blankenburg K., Clifford K., Cobley V., Cole C.G., Conquer J.S., Corby N., Connor R.E., David R., Davies J., Davis C., Davis J., Delgado O., Deshazo D., Dhami P., Ding Y., Dinh H., Dodsworth S., Draper H., Dugan-Rocha S., Dunham A., Dunn M., Durbin K.J., Dutta I., Eades T., Ellwood M., Emery-Cohen A., Errington H., Evans K.L., Faulkner L., Francis F., Frankland J., Fraser A.E., Galgoczy P., Gilbert J., Gill R., Gloeckner G., Gregory S.G., Gribble S., Griffiths C., Grocock R., Gu Y., Gwilliam R., Hamilton C., Hart E.A., Hawes A., Heath P.D., Heitmann K., Hennig S., Hernandez J., Hinzmann B., Ho S., Hoffs M., Howden P.J., Huckle E.J., Hume J., Hunt P.J., Hunt A.R., Isherwood J., Jacob L., Johnson D., Jones S., de Jong P.J., Joseph S.S., Keenan S., Kelly S., Kershaw J.K., Khan Z., Kioschis P., Klages S., Knights A.J., Kosiura A., Kovar-Smith C., Laird G.K., Langford C., Lawlor S., Leversha M., Lewis L., Liu W., Lloyd C., Lloyd D.M., Loulseged H., Loveland J.E., Lovell J.D., Lozado R., Lu J., Lyne R., Ma J., Maheshwari M., Matthews L.H., McDowall J., McLaren S., McMurray A., Meidl P., Meitinger T., Milne S., Miner G., Mistry S.L., Morgan M., Morris S., Mueller I., Mullikin J.C., Nguyen N., Nordsiek G., Nyakatura G., O'dell C.N., Okwuonu G., Palmer S., Pandian R., Parker D., Parrish J., Pasternak S., Patel D., Pearce A.V., Pearson D.M., Pelan S.E., Perez L., Porter K.M., Ramsey Y., Reichwald K., Rhodes S., Ridler K.A., Schlessinger D., Schueler M.G., Sehra H.K., Shaw-Smith C., Shen H., Sheridan E.M., Shownkeen R., Skuce C.D., Smith M.L., Sotheran E.C., Steingruber H.E., Steward C.A., Storey R., Swann R.M., Swarbreck D., Tabor P.E., Taudien S., Taylor T., Teague B., Thomas K., Thorpe A., Timms K., Tracey A., Trevanion S., Tromans A.C., d'Urso M., Verduzco D., Villasana D., Waldron L., Wall M., Wang Q., Warren J., Warry G.L., Wei X., West A., Whitehead S.L., Whiteley M.N., Wilkinson J.E., Willey D.L., Williams G., Williams L., Williamson A., Williamson H., Wilming L., Woodmansey R.L., Wray P.W., Yen J., Zhang J., Zhou J., Zoghbi H., Zorilla S., Buck D., Reinhardt R., Poustka A., Rosenthal A., Lehrach H., Meindl A., Minx P.J., Hillier L.W., Willard H.F., Wilson R.K., Waterston R.H., Rice C.M., Vaudin M., Coulson A., Nelson D.L., Weinstock G., Sulston J.E., Durbin R.M., Hubbard T., Gibbs R.A., Beck S., Rogers J., Bentley D.R.;
"The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome.";
Nature 434:325-337(2005).
[5]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
TISSUE=Kidney;
DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504; PubMed=15489334 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
The MGC Project Team;
"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).";
Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004).
[6]
FUNCTION.
DOI=10.1128/JVI.74.24.11972-11976.2000; PubMed=11090199 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Cayabyab M., Hinuma S., Farzan M., Choe H., Fukusumi S., Kitada C., Nishizawa N., Hosoya M., Nishimura O., Messele T., Pollakis G., Goudsmit J., Fujino M., Sodroski J.;
"Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan seven-transmembrane receptor APJ, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry.";
J. Virol. 74:11972-11976(2000).
Comments
  • FUNCTION: Endogenous ligand for APJ, an alternative coreceptor with CD4 for HIV-1 infection. Inhibits HIV-1 entry in cells coexpressing CD4 and APJ. Apelin-36 has a greater inhibitory activity on HIV infection than other synthetic apelin derivatives. The oral intake in the colostrum and the milk could have a role in the modulation of the immune responses in neonates. May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing AVP release and drinking behavior.
  • SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted.
  • TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in the brain with highest levels in the frontal cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain. Secreted by the mammary gland into the colostrum and the milk.
  • PTM: Several active peptides may be produced by proteolytic processing of the peptide precursor.
  • SIMILARITY: Belongs to the apelin family.
  • SEQUENCE CAUTION:
    • Sequence=CAI95697.1; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction;
Copyright
Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see http://www.uniprot.org/terms. Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License.
Cross-references
Sequence databases
EMBL
AB023493; BAA84975.1; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
AF179680; AAF25815.1; -; Genomic_DNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
AL022162; CAI95697.1; ALT_SEQ; Genomic_DNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
BC021104; AAH21104.2; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
IPI IPI00010087; -.
RefSeq NP_059109.3; -.
UniGene Hs.303084
3D structure databases
ModBase Q9ULZ1.
Enzyme and pathway databases
Reactome REACT_14797; Signaling by GPCR.
Organism-specific databases
GeneCards GC0XM128607; -.
H-InvDB HIX0017039; -.
HGNC HGNC:16665; APLN.
GenAtlas APLN.
MIM 300297; gene. [NCBI / EBI]
PharmGKB PA134984493; -.
Gene expression databases
CleanEx HS_APLN; -.
Ontologies
GO
GO:0005576; Cellular component: extracellular region (inferred from electronic annotation from UniProtKB-SubCell).
GO:0005179; Molecular function: hormone activity (inferred from electronic annotation from UniProtKB-KW).
GO:0006955; Biological process: immune response (traceable author statement from ProtInc).
GO:0007595; Biological process: lactation (traceable author statement from ProtInc).
GO:0007165; Biological process: signal transduction (traceable author statement from ProtInc).
QuickGo view.
Genome annotation databases
GeneID 8862; -.
KEGG hsa:8862; -.
Phylogenomic databases
HOVERGEN Q9ULZ1; -.
Other
NextBio 33277; -.
SOURCE APLN; Homo sapiens.
ProtoNet Q9ULZ1.
UniRef View cluster of proteins with at least 50% / 90% / 100% identity.
Keywords
Cleavage on pair of basic residues; Hormone; Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid; Secreted; Signal.
Features
SEVIEWER logo Feature table viewer FT aligner logo Feature aligner
KeyFrom  To Length Description FTId
SIGNAL   1   22  22     Potential. 
PROPEP   23   41  19     By similarity. PRO_0000001759
PEPTIDE   42   77  36     Apelin-36 (By similarity). PRO_0000001760
PEPTIDE   47   77  31     Apelin-31 (By similarity). PRO_0000001761
PEPTIDE   50   77  28     Apelin-28 (By similarity). PRO_0000001762
PEPTIDE   65   77  13     Apelin-13 (By similarity). PRO_0000001763
MOD_RES   65   65        Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (By similarity). 
Sequence information
Length: 77 AA [This is the length of the unprocessed precursor] Molecular weight: 8569 Da [This is the MW of the unprocessed precursor] CRC64: 41521E0DBE97BFDA [This is a checksum on the sequence]
        10         20         30         40         50         60 
MNLRLCVQAL LLLWLSLTAV CGGSLMPLPD GNGLEDGNVR HLVQPRGSRN GPGPWQGGRR 

        70 
KFRRQRPRLS HKGPMPF 

Q9ULZ1 in FASTA format

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