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UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry O43272

[Entry info] [Name and origin] [References] [Comments] [Cross-references] [Keywords] [Features] [Sequence] [Tools]

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Entry information
Entry name PROD_HUMAN
Primary accession number O43272
Secondary accession numbers A6NF53 O14680 Q0P507 Q147W8 Q504W1 Q59FI8 Q6NV86 Q9UF13
Integrated into Swiss-Prot on May 30, 2000
Sequence was last modified on December 12, 2006 (Sequence version 2)
Annotations were last modified on    June 16, 2009 (Entry version 86)
Name and origin of the protein
Protein name Proline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial [Precursor]
Synonyms EC 1.5.99.8
Proline oxidase
Proline oxidase 2
p53-induced gene 6 protein
Gene name
Name: PRODH
Synonyms: PIG6, POX2
From
Homo sapiens (Human) [TaxID: 9606] 
Taxonomy Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
Protein existence 1: Evidence at protein level;
References
[1]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1).
TISSUE=Brain;
DOI=10.1007/s004390050589; PubMed=9385373 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Campbell H.D., Webb G.C., Young I.G.;
"A human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster sluggish-A (proline oxidase) gene maps to 22q11.2, and is a candidate gene for type-I hyperprolinaemia.";
Hum. Genet. 101:69-74(1997).
[2]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 1).
TISSUE=Cerebellum, and Kidney;
DOI=10.1038/7777; PubMed=10192398 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Gogos J.A., Santha M., Takacs Z., Beck K.D., Luine V., Lucas L.R., Nadler J.V., Karayiorgou M.;
"The gene encoding proline dehydrogenase modulates sensorimotor gating in mice.";
Nat. Genet. 21:434-439(1999).
[3]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORM 4), ENZYME ACTIVITY, COFACTOR, VARIANTS VAL-83 AND ARG-437, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VARIANTS VAL-83; TRP-101; GLN-101; MET-205; LEU-322; ASN-342; MET-343; HIS-347; PRO-357; CYS-369; SER-371; MET-382; THR-388; ARG-437 AND GLU-437.
TISSUE=Kidney;
DOI=10.1086/428142; PubMed=15662599 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Bender H.-U., Almashanu S., Steel G., Hu C.-A., Lin W.-W., Willis A., Pulver A., Valle D.;
"Functional consequences of PRODH missense mutations.";
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76:409-420(2005).
[4]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM 5).
TISSUE=Brain;
Totoki Y., Toyoda A., Takeda T., Sakaki Y., Tanaka A., Yokoyama S., Ohara O., Nagase T., Kikuno R.F.;
Submitted (MAR-2005) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
[5]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
DOI=10.1038/990031; PubMed=10591208 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Dunham I., Hunt A.R., Collins J.E., Bruskiewich R., Beare D.M., Clamp M., Smink L.J., Ainscough R., Almeida J.P., Babbage A.K., Bagguley C., Bailey J., Barlow K.F., Bates K.N., Beasley O.P., Bird C.P., Blakey S.E., Bridgeman A.M., Buck D., Burgess J., Burrill W.D., Burton J., Carder C., Carter N.P., Chen Y., Clark G., Clegg S.M., Cobley V.E., Cole C.G., Collier R.E., Connor R., Conroy D., Corby N.R., Coville G.J., Cox A.V., Davis J., Dawson E., Dhami P.D., Dockree C., Dodsworth S.J., Durbin R.M., Ellington A.G., Evans K.L., Fey J.M., Fleming K., French L., Garner A.A., Gilbert J.G.R., Goward M.E., Grafham D.V., Griffiths M.N.D., Hall C., Hall R.E., Hall-Tamlyn G., Heathcott R.W., Ho S., Holmes S., Hunt S.E., Jones M.C., Kershaw J., Kimberley A.M., King A., Laird G.K., Langford C.F., Leversha M.A., Lloyd C., Lloyd D.M., Martyn I.D., Mashreghi-Mohammadi M., Matthews L.H., Mccann O.T., Mcclay J., Mclaren S., McMurray A.A., Milne S.A., Mortimore B.J., Odell C.N., Pavitt R., Pearce A.V., Pearson D., Phillimore B.J.C.T., Phillips S.H., Plumb R.W., Ramsay H., Ramsey Y., Rogers L., Ross M.T., Scott C.E., Sehra H.K., Skuce C.D., Smalley S., Smith M.L., Soderlund C., Spragon L., Steward C.A., Sulston J.E., Swann R.M., Vaudin M., Wall M., Wallis J.M., Whiteley M.N., Willey D.L., Williams L., Williams S.A., Williamson H., Wilmer T.E., Wilming L., Wright C.L., Hubbard T., Bentley D.R., Beck S., Rogers J., Shimizu N., Minoshima S., Kawasaki K., Sasaki T., Asakawa S., Kudoh J., Shintani A., Shibuya K., Yoshizaki Y., Aoki N., Mitsuyama S., Roe B.A., Chen F., Chu L., Crabtree J., Deschamps S., Do A., Do T., Dorman A., Fang F., Fu Y., Hu P., Hua A., Kenton S., Lai H., Lao H.I., Lewis J., Lewis S., Lin S.-P., Loh P., Malaj E., Nguyen T., Pan H., Phan S., Qi S., Qian Y., Ray L., Ren Q., Shaull S., Sloan D., Song L., Wang Q., Wang Y., Wang Z., White J., Willingham D., Wu H., Yao Z., Zhan M., Zhang G., Chissoe S., Murray J., Miller N., Minx P., Fulton R., Johnson D., Bemis G., Bentley D., Bradshaw H., Bourne S., Cordes M., Du Z., Fulton L., Goela D., Graves T., Hawkins J., Hinds K., Kemp K., Latreille P., Layman D., Ozersky P., Rohlfing T., Scheet P., Walker C., Wamsley A., Wohldmann P., Pepin K., Nelson J., Korf I., Bedell J.A., Hillier L.W., Mardis E., Waterston R., Wilson R., Emanuel B.S., Shaikh T., Kurahashi H., Saitta S., Budarf M.L., McDermid H.E., Johnson A., Wong A.C.C., Morrow B.E., Edelmann L., Kim U.J., Shizuya H., Simon M.I., Dumanski J.P., Peyrard M., Kedra D., Seroussi E., Fransson I., Tapia I., Bruder C.E., O'Brien K.P., Wilkinson P., Bodenteich A., Hartman K., Hu X., Khan A.S., Lane L., Tilahun Y., Wright H.;
"The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22.";
Nature 402:489-495(1999).
[6]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORMS 2 AND 3), AND VARIANT ARG-437.
TISSUE=Brain;
DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504; PubMed=15489334 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
The MGC Project Team;
"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).";
Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004).
[7]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 360-455, AND INDUCTION BY TP53.
DOI=10.1038/38525; PubMed=9305847 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Polyak K., Xia Y., Zweier J.L., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B.;
"A model for p53-induced apoptosis.";
Nature 389:300-306(1997).
[8]
 VARIANTS MET-205; HIS-347; PRO-357; CYS-369; SER-371; THR-388 AND ARG-437, AND INVOLVEMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA-LINKED HYPERPROLINEMIA TYPE 1.
DOI=10.1093/hmg/11.19.2243; PubMed=12217952 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Jacquet H., Raux G., Thibaut F., Hecketsweiler B., Houy E., Demilly C., Haouzir S., Allio G., Fouldrin G., Drouin V., Bou J., Petit M., Campion D., Frebourg T.;
"PRODH mutations and hyperprolinemia in a subset of schizophrenic patients.";
Hum. Mol. Genet. 11:2243-2249(2002).
[9]
 VARIANTS LEU-322; MET-343; PRO-357; CYS-369; MET-382; THR-388 AND ARG-437, AND INVOLVEMENT IN SCZD4.
DOI=10.1073/pnas.042700699; PubMed=11891283 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Liu H., Heath S.C., Sobin C., Roos J.L., Galke B.L., Blundell M.L., Lenane M., Robertson B., Wijsman E.M., Rapoport J.L., Gogos J.A., Karayiorgou M.;
"Genetic variation at the 22q11 PRODH2/DGCR6 locus presents an unusual pattern and increases susceptibility to schizophrenia.";
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:3717-3722(2002).
[10]
 VARIANT [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] SER-404.
DOI=10.1126/science.1133427; PubMed=16959974 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Sjoeblom T., Jones S., Wood L.D., Parsons D.W., Lin J., Barber T.D., Mandelker D., Leary R.J., Ptak J., Silliman N., Szabo S., Buckhaults P., Farrell C., Meeh P., Markowitz S.D., Willis J., Dawson D., Willson J.K.V., Gazdar A.F., Hartigan J., Wu L., Liu C., Parmigiani G., Park B.H., Bachman K.E., Papadopoulos N., Vogelstein B., Kinzler K.W., Velculescu V.E.;
"The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers.";
Science 314:268-274(2006).
[11]
 VARIANTS ASN-191; HIS-347 AND ASP-360.
DOI=10.1093/hmg/ddl443; PubMed=17135275 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Raux G., Bumsel E., Hecketsweiler B., van Amelsvoort T., Zinkstok J., Manouvrier-Hanu S., Fantini C., Breviere G.-M.M., Di Rosa G., Pustorino G., Vogels A., Swillen A., Legallic S., Bou J., Opolczynski G., Drouin-Garraud V., Lemarchand M., Philip N., Gerard-Desplanches A., Carlier M., Philippe A., Nolen M.C., Heron D., Sarda P., Lacombe D., Coizet C., Alembik Y., Layet V., Afenjar A., Hannequin D., Demily C., Petit M., Thibaut F., Frebourg T., Campion D.;
"Involvement of hyperprolinemia in cognitive and psychiatric features of the 22q11 deletion syndrome.";
Hum. Mol. Genet. 16:83-91(2007).
Comments
  • FUNCTION: Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
  • CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: L-proline + acceptor = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + reduced acceptor.
  • COFACTOR: FAD.
  • PATHWAY: Amino-acid degradation; L-proline degradation into L-glutamate; L-glutamate from L-proline: step 1/2.
  • SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion matrix.
  • ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 5 named isoforms [FASTA] produced by alternative splicing.
    Name1
    Isoform IDO43272-1
    This is the isoform sequence displayed in this entry.
    Name2
    Isoform IDO43272-2
    Features which should be applied to build the isoform sequence: VSP_021848.
    Name3
    Isoform IDO43272-3
    Features which should be applied to build the isoform sequence: VSP_021847.
    Name4
    Isoform IDO43272-4
    Note: Variant in position: 8:P->L. Variant in position: 19:Q->P (moderate reduction of enzymatic activity, dbSNP:rs2008720). Variant in position: 30:P->S. Variant in position: 58:A->T.
    Features which should be applied to build the isoform sequence: VSP_021849.
    Name5
    Isoform IDO43272-5
    Note: No experimental confirmation available.
    Features which should be applied to build the isoform sequence: VSP_021846.
  • TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in lung, skeletal muscle and brain, to a lesser extent in heart and kidney, and weakly in liver, placenta and pancreas.
  • INDUCTION: During TP53-induced apoptosis.
  • DISEASE: Defects in PRODH are the cause of hyperprolinemia type 1 [MIM:239500]. It is a disorder characterized by elevated serum proline levels. May be involved in the psychiatric and behavioral phenotypes associated with the 22q11 velocardiofacial and DiGeorge syndrome.
  • DISEASE: Defects in PRODH may be associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia 4 (SCZD4) [MIM:600850]. Schizophrenia [MIM:181500] is a psychosis, a disorder of thought and sense of self. Although it affects emotions, it is distinguished from mood disorders in which such disturbances are primary. Similarly, there may be mild impairment of cognitive function, and it is distinguished from the dementias in which disturbed cognitive function is considered primary. No objective biological test for schizophrenia exists. Schizophrenia is a common disorder with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1%. It is highly heritable but the genetics are complex. A subset of schizophrenia patients present hyperprolinemia type 1.
  • SIMILARITY: Belongs to the proline oxidase family.
  • WEB RESOURCE: Name=GeneReviews; URL="http://www.genetests.org/query?gene=PRODH";.
Copyright
Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see http://www.uniprot.org/terms. Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License.
Cross-references
Sequence databases
EMBL
U82381; AAB88789.1; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
AF120278; AAD24775.1; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
U79754; AAF21464.1; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
AB209472; BAD92709.1; ALT_INIT; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
AC007326; -; NOT_ANNOTATED_CDS; Genomic_DNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ]
BC068260; AAH68260.1; ALT_INIT; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
BC094736; AAH94736.1; ALT_INIT; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
BC118597; AAI18598.1; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
BC121809; AAI21810.1; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
AF010310; AAC39529.1; ALT_TERM; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
IPI IPI00383798; -.
IPI00432511; -.
IPI00747489; -.
IPI00816398; -.
IPI00816668; -.
RefSeq NP_057419.3; -.
UniGene Hs.517352
3D structure databases
ModBase O43272.
Enzyme and pathway databases
BioCyc MetaCyc:MON-11427; -.
BRENDA 1.5.99.8; 247.
Reactome REACT_13; Metabolism of amino acids.
Organism-specific databases
GeneCards GC22M017274; -.
HGNC HGNC:9453; PRODH.
GenAtlas PRODH.
MIM 181500; phenotype. [NCBI / EBI]
239500; phenotype. [NCBI / EBI]
600850; phenotype. [NCBI / EBI]
606810; gene. [NCBI / EBI]
Orphanet 419; Hyperprolinaemia type I.
3140; Schizophrenia.
PharmGKB PA33801; -.
Gene expression databases
ArrayExpress O43272; -.
Bgee O43272; -.
GermOnline ENSG00000100033; Homo sapiens.
Ontologies
GO
GO:0005759; Cellular component: mitochondrial matrix (inferred from electronic annotation from UniProtKB-SubCell).
GO:0004657; Molecular function: proline dehydrogenase activity (traceable author statement from ProtInc).
GO:0006537; Biological process: glutamate biosynthetic process (inferred from electronic annotation from InterPro).
GO:0008631; Biological process: induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress (non-traceable author statement from UniProtKB).
GO:0055114; Biological process: oxidation reduction (inferred from electronic annotation from UniProtKB-KW).
GO:0006562; Biological process: proline catabolic process (inferred from electronic annotation from InterPro).
QuickGo view.
Family and domain databases
InterPro IPR002872; Proline_DH.
IPR015659; Proline_oxidase.
Graphical view of domain structure.
PANTHER PTHR13914; Proline_oxidase; 1.
Pfam PF01619; Pro_dh; 1.
Pfam graphical view of domain structure.
Proteomic databases
PRIDE O43272; -.
Genome annotation databases
Ensembl ENSG00000100033; Homo sapiens. [Contig view]
GeneID 5625; -.
KEGG hsa:5625; -.
Phylogenomic databases
HOVERGEN O43272; -.
Other
DrugBank DB00172; L-Proline.
NextBio 21864; -.
SOURCE PRODH; Homo sapiens.
ProtoNet O43272.
UniRef View cluster of proteins with at least 50% / 90% / 100% identity.
Keywords
Alternative splicing; Disease mutation; FAD; Flavoprotein; Mitochondrion; Oxidoreductase; Polymorphism; Proline metabolism; Transit peptide.
Features
SEVIEWER logo Feature table viewer
KeyFrom   To Length Description FTId
TRANSIT   1     ?        Mitochondrion (Potential). 
CHAIN   ?   516        Proline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial. PRO_0000025800
VAR_SEQ   1   271        Missing (in isoform 5). VSP_021846
VAR_SEQ   1    75        Missing (in isoform 3). VSP_021847
VAR_SEQ   1    24        Missing (in isoform 2). VSP_021848
VAR_SEQ   1    11        MLEFVMREWKK -> MALRRALPALRPCIPRFVQLSTAPASREQPAAGPAAVPGG GSATAVRPPVPAVDFGNAQEAYRSRRTWELARSLLVLRLC AWPALLARHEQLLYV (in isoform 4). VSP_021849
VARIANT   83    83  1     A -> V (associated with susceptibility to SCZD4; moderate reduction of enzymatic activity). VAR_029563 
VARIANT   101   101  1     R -> Q (no effect on enzymatic activity). VAR_029564 
VARIANT   101   101  1     R -> W (moderate reduction of enzymatic activity; dbSNP:rs4819756 [NCBI]). VAR_029565 
VARIANT   191   191  1     T -> N. VAR_029874 
VARIANT   205   205  1     L -> M (can be associated with hyperprolinemia type 1 in a subset of schizophrenia patients; no effect on enzymatic activity). VAR_029566 
VARIANT   322   322  1     P -> L (associated with susceptibility to SCZD4; strongly reduced enzymatic activity; dbSNP:rs3970555 [NCBI]). VAR_029567 
VARIANT   342   342  1     D -> N (moderate reduction of enzymatic activity). VAR_029568 
VARIANT   343   343  1     V -> M (associated with susceptibility to SCZD4; moderate reduction of enzymatic activity; dbSNP:rs2238731 [NCBI]). VAR_029569 
VARIANT   347   347  1     R -> H (associated with hyperprolinemia type 1 in a subset of schizophrenia patients; moderate reduction of enzymatic activity; dbSNP:rs2904552 [NCBI]). VAR_029570 
VARIANT   357   357  1     L -> P (in hyperprolinemia type 1; associated with susceptibility to SCZD4; strongly reduced enzymatic activity; dbSNP:rs2904551 [NCBI]). VAR_029571 
VARIANT   360   360  1     G -> D. VAR_029875 
VARIANT   369   369  1     R -> C (associated with susceptibility to SCZD4; can be associated with hyperprolinemia type 1 in a subset of schizophrenia patients; strongly reduced enzymatic activity; dbSNP:rs3970559 [NCBI]). VAR_029572 
VARIANT   371   371  1     A -> S (can be associated with hyperprolinemia type 1 in a subset of schizophrenia patients; no effect on enzymatic activity; dbSNP:rs1807467 [NCBI]). VAR_029573 
VARIANT   382   382  1     T -> M (associated with susceptibility to SCZD4; strongly reduced affinity for FAD and enzymatic activity; dbSNP:rs2870984 [NCBI]). VAR_029574 
VARIANT   388   388  1     A -> T (associated with susceptibility to SCZD4; no effect on enzymatic activity; dbSNP:rs2870983 [NCBI]). VAR_029575 
VARIANT   404   404  1     N -> S (in a breast cancer sample; somatic mutation). VAR_036566 
VARIANT   437   437  1     Q -> E (strongly reduced enzymatic activity). VAR_029576 
VARIANT   437   437  1     Q -> R (associated with susceptibility to SCZD4; can be associated with hyperprolinemia type 1 in a subset of schizophrenia patients; enhanced enzymatic activity; dbSNP:rs450046 [NCBI]). VAR_029577 
CONFLICT   60    60        Y -> F (in Ref. 6; AAH94736). 
CONFLICT   80    80        T -> S (in Ref. 1; AAB88789). 
CONFLICT   259   259        P -> H (in Ref. 6; AAH68260). 
CONFLICT   263   263        R -> G (in Ref. 3; AAF21464). 
CONFLICT   371   372        AE -> Q (in Ref. 7; AAC39529). 
CONFLICT   487   487        L -> F (in Ref. 4; BAD92709). 
CONFLICT   512   512        F -> L (in Ref. 6; AAH68260). 
Sequence information
Length: 516 AA [This is the length of the unprocessed precursor] Molecular weight: 59231 Da [This is the MW of the unprocessed precursor] CRC64: E5E72B3C595B4596 [This is a checksum on the sequence] 
        10         20         30         40         50         60 
MLEFVMREWK KSRKLLGQRL FNKLMKMTFY GHFVAGEDQE SIQPLLRHYR AFGVSAILDY 

        70         80         90        100        110        120 
GVEEDLSPEE AEHKEMESCT SAAERDGSGT NKRDKQYQAH RAFGDRRNGV ISARTYFYAN 

       130        140        150        160        170        180 
EAKCDSHMET FLRCIEASGR VSDDGFIAIK LTALGRPQFL LQFSEVLAKW RCFFHQMAVE 

       190        200        210        220        230        240 
QGQAGLAAMD TKLEVAVLQE SVAKLGIASR AEIEDWFTAE TLGVSGTMDL LDWSSLIDSR 

       250        260        270        280        290        300 
TKLSKHLVVP NAQTGQLEPL LSRFTEEEEL QMTRMLQRMD VLAKKATEMG VRLMVDAEQT 

       310        320        330        340        350        360 
YFQPAISRLT LEMQRKFNVE KPLIFNTYQC YLKDAYDNVT LDVELARREG WCFGAKLVRG 

       370        380        390        400        410        420 
AYLAQERARA AEIGYEDPIN PTYEATNAMY HRCLDYVLEE LKHNAKAKVM VASHNEDTVR 

       430        440        450        460        470        480 
FALRRMEELG LHPADHQVYF GQLLGMCDQI SFPLGQAGYP VYKYVPYGPV MEVLPYLSRR 

       490        500        510 
ALENSSLMKG THRERQLLWL ELLRRLRTGN LFHRPA
O43272 in FASTA format

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