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UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry P10275


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Entry information
Entry name ANDR_HUMAN
Primary accession number P10275
Secondary accession numbers None
Integrated into Swiss-Prot on July 1, 1989
Sequence was last modified on April 1, 1990 (Sequence version 2)
Annotations were last modified on    April 29, 2008 (Entry version 141)
Name and origin of the protein
Protein name Androgen receptor
Synonyms Dihydrotestosterone receptor
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4
Gene name
Name: AR
Synonyms: DHTR, NR3C4
From
Homo sapiens (Human) [TaxID: 9606] 
Taxonomy Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
Protein existence 1: Evidence at protein level;
References
[1]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
PubMed=3216866 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Lubahn D.B., Joseph D.R., Sar M., Tan J., Higgs H.N., Larson R.E., French F.S., Wilson E.M.;
"The human androgen receptor: complementary deoxyribonucleic acid cloning, sequence analysis and gene expression in prostate.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 2:1265-1275(1988).
[2]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], AND VARIANT CAIS MET-866.
PubMed=2594783 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Lubahn D.B., Brown T.R., Simental J.A., Higgs H.N., Migeon C.J., Wilson E.M., French F.S.;
"Sequence of the intron/exon junctions of the coding region of the human androgen receptor gene and identification of a point mutation in a family with complete androgen insensitivity.";
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:9534-9538(1989).
[3]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
PubMed=2342476 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Govindan M.V.;
"Specific region in hormone binding domain is essential for hormone binding and trans-activation by human androgen receptor.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 4:417-427(1990).
[4]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
TISSUE=Prostate;
PubMed=3174628 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Chang C., Kokontis J., Liao S.;
"Structural analysis of complementary DNA and amino acid sequences of human and rat androgen receptors.";
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:7211-7215(1988).
[5]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
TISSUE=Prostate;
PubMed=2911578 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Tilley W.D., Marcelli M., Wilson J.D., McPhaul M.J.;
"Characterization and expression of a cDNA encoding the human androgen receptor.";
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:327-331(1989).
[6]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA / MRNA].
TISSUE=Prostate;
PubMed=2293020 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Marcelli M., Tilley W.D., Wilson C.M., Griffin J.E., Wilson J.D., McPhaul M.J.;
"Definition of the human androgen receptor gene structure permits the identification of mutations that cause androgen resistance: premature termination of the receptor protein at amino acid residue 588 causes complete androgen resistance.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1105-1116(1990).
[7]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF 1-57; 59-448 AND 457-538.
DOI=10.1016/0303-7207(89)90137-8; PubMed=2917688 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Faber P.W., Kuiper G.G., van Rooij H.C., van der Korput J.A., Brinkmann A.O., Trapman J.;
"The N-terminal domain of the human androgen receptor is encoded by one, large exon.";
Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 61:257-262(1989).
[8]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 189-919.
PubMed=3353726 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Chang C., Kokontis J., Liao S.;
"Molecular cloning of human and rat complementary DNA encoding androgen receptors.";
Science 240:324-326(1988).
[9]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 468-919.
DOI=10.1016/S0006-291X(88)81214-2; PubMed=3377788 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Trapman J., Klaassen P., Kuiper G.G.J.M., van der Korput J.A.G.M., Faber P.W., van Rooij H.C.J., Geurts van Kessel A., Voorhorst M.M., Mulder E., Brinkmann A.O.;
"Cloning, structure and expression of a cDNA encoding the human androgen receptor.";
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153:241-248(1988).
[10]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF 536-540; 587-591; 626-630; 722-726; 770-774; 814-817 AND 866-870.
PubMed=2546571 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Kuiper G.G., Faber P.W., van Rooij H.C., van der Korput J.A., Ris-Stalpers C., Klaassen P., Trapman J., Brinkmann A.O.;
"Structural organization of the human androgen receptor gene.";
J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2:R1-R4(1989).
[11]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF 559-624.
PubMed=3353727 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Lubahn D.B., Joseph D.R., Sullivan P.M., Willard H.F., French F.S., Wilson E.M.;
"Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome.";
Science 240:327-330(1988).
[12]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 629-723, AND VARIANTS CAIS ASN-695 AND HIS-695.
PubMed=1775137 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Ris-Stalpers C., Trifiro M.A., Kuiper G.G.J.M., Jenster G., Romalo G., Sai T., van Rooij H.C.J., Kaufman M., Rosenfield R.L., Liao S., Schweikert H.-U., Trapman J., Pinsky L., Brinkmann A.O.;
"Substitution of aspartic acid-686 by histidine or asparagine in the human androgen receptor leads to a functionally inactive protein with altered hormone-binding characteristics.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 5:1562-1569(1991).
[13]
POLYMORPHISM OF POLY-GLN REGION.
DOI=10.1093/nar/20.6.1427-a; PubMed=1561105 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Sleddens H.F.B.M., Oostra B.A., Brinkmann A.O., Trapman J.;
"Trinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene (AR).";
Nucleic Acids Res. 20:1427-1427(1992).
[14]
POLYMORPHISM OF POLY-GLY REGION.
TISSUE=Blood;
Lu J., Danielsen M.;
Submitted (FEB-1995) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
[15]
POLYMORPHISM OF POLY-GLN REGION.
DOI=10.1073/pnas.94.7.3320; PubMed=9096391 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Giovannucci E., Stampfer M.J., Krithivas K., Brown M., Dahl D., Brufsky A., Talcott J., Hennekens C.H., Kantoff P.W.;
"The CAG repeat within the androgen receptor gene and its relationship to prostate cancer.";
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:3320-3323(1997).
[16]
ERRATUM.
Giovannucci E., Stampfer M.J., Krithivas K., Brown M., Dahl D., Brufsky A., Talcott J., Hennekens C.H., Kantoff P.W.;
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:8272-8272(1997).
[17]
INTERACTION WITH PQBP1.
TISSUE=Brain;
DOI=10.1093/hmg/8.6.977; PubMed=10332029 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Waragai M., Lammers C.-H., Takeuchi S., Imafuku I., Udagawa Y., Kanazawa I., Kawabata M., Mouradian M.M., Okazawa H.;
"PQBP-1, a novel polyglutamine tract binding protein, inhibits transcription activation by Brn-2 and affects cell survival.";
Hum. Mol. Genet. 8:977-987(1999).
[18]
INTERACTION WITH TGFB1I1.
DOI=10.1074/jbc.274.12.8316; PubMed=10075738 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Fujimoto N., Yeh S., Kang H.-Y., Inui S., Chang H.-C., Mizokami A., Chang C.;
"Cloning and characterization of androgen receptor coactivator, ARA55, in human prostate.";
J. Biol. Chem. 274:8316-8321(1999).
[19]
INTERACTION WITH UBE2I.
DOI=10.1074/jbc.274.27.19441; PubMed=10383460 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Poukka H., Aarnisalo P., Karvonen U., Palvimo J.J., Jaenne O.A.;
"Ubc9 interacts with the androgen receptor and activates receptor-dependent transcription.";
J. Biol. Chem. 274:19441-19446(1999).
[20]
INTERACTION WITH RAN.
DOI=10.1074/jbc.274.29.20229; PubMed=10400640 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Hsiao P.-W., Lin D.-L., Nakao R., Chang C.;
"The linkage of Kennedy's neuron disease to ARA24, the first identified androgen receptor polyglutamine region-associated coactivator.";
J. Biol. Chem. 274:20229-20234(1999).
[21]
INTERACTION WITH SPDEF.
DOI=10.1074/jbc.275.2.1216; PubMed=10625666 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Oettgen P., Finger E., Sun Z., Akbarali Y., Thamrongsak U., Boltax J., Grall F., Dube A., Weiss A., Brown L., Quinn G., Kas K., Endress G., Kunsch C., Libermann T.A.;
"PDEF, a novel prostate epithelium-specific ets transcription factor, interacts with the androgen receptor and activates prostate-specific antigen gene expression.";
J. Biol. Chem. 275:1216-1225(2000).
[22]
INTERACTION WITH MYST2.
DOI=10.1074/jbc.M004838200; PubMed=10930412 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Sharma M., Zarnegar M., Li X., Lim B., Sun Z.;
"Androgen receptor interacts with a novel MYST protein, HBO1.";
J. Biol. Chem. 275:35200-35208(2000).
[23]
SUMOYLATION AT LYS-386 AND LYS-520.
DOI=10.1073/pnas.97.26.14145; PubMed=11121022 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Poukka H., Karvonen U., Jaenne O.A., Palvimo J.J.;
"Covalent modification of the androgen receptor by small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO-1).";
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:14145-14150(2000).
[24]
INTERACTION WITH RANBP9.
DOI=10.1074/jbc.M209741200; PubMed=12361945 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Rao M.A., Cheng H., Quayle A.N., Nishitani H., Nelson C.C., Rennie P.S.;
"RanBPM, a nuclear protein that interacts with and regulates transcriptional activity of androgen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor.";
J. Biol. Chem. 277:48020-48027(2002).
[25]
INTERACTION WITH PELP1.
DOI=10.1073/pnas.192569699; PubMed=12415108 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Wong C.-W., McNally C., Nickbarg E., Komm B.S., Cheskis B.J.;
"Estrogen receptor-interacting protein that modulates its nongenomic activity-crosstalk with Src/Erk phosphorylation cascade.";
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:14783-14788(2002).
[26]
INTERACTION WITH ZMIZ1.
DOI=10.1093/emboj/cdg585; PubMed=14609956 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Sharma M., Li X., Wang Y., Zarnegar M., Huang C.-Y., Palvimo J.J., Lim B., Sun Z.;
"hZimp10 is an androgen receptor co-activator and forms a complex with SUMO-1 at replication foci.";
EMBO J. 22:6101-6114(2003).
[27]
FUNCTION, AND INTERACTION WITH RBAK.
DOI=10.1677/jme.0.0310583; PubMed=14664718 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Hofman K., Swinnen J.V., Claessens F., Verhoeven G., Heyns W.;
"The retinoblastoma protein-associated transcription repressor RBaK interacts with the androgen receptor and enhances its transcriptional activity.";
J. Mol. Endocrinol. 31:583-596(2003).
[28]
INTERACTION WITH EFCAB6.
PubMed=12612053 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Niki T., Takahashi-Niki K., Taira T., Iguchi-Ariga S.M.M., Ariga H.;
"DJBP: a novel DJ-1-binding protein, negatively regulates the androgen receptor by recruiting histone deacetylase complex, and DJ-1 antagonizes this inhibition by abrogation of this complex.";
Mol. Cancer Res. 1:247-261(2003).
[29]
INTERACTION WITH ZMIZ2.
DOI=10.1210/me.2005-0097; PubMed=16051670 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Huang C.-Y., Beliakoff J., Li X., Lee J., Li X., Sharma M., Lim B., Sun Z.;
"hZimp7, a novel PIAS-like protein, enhances androgen receptor-mediated transcription and interacts with SWI/SNF-like BAF complexes.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 19:2915-2929(2005).
[30]
PHOSPHORYLATION AT TYR-223; TYR-267; TYR-307; TYR-346; TYR-357; TYR-362; TYR-363; TYR-393; TYR-534; TYR-551 AND TYR-915, MUTAGENESIS OF TYR-223; TYR-267; TYR-307; TYR-346; TYR-357; TYR-362; TYR-363; TYR-393; TYR-534; TYR-551 AND TYR-915, AND MASS SPECTROMETRY.
DOI=10.1016/j.ccr.2006.08.021; PubMed=17045208 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Guo Z., Dai B., Jiang T., Xu K., Xie Y., Kim O., Nesheiwat I., Kong X., Melamed J., Handratta V.D., Njar V.C., Brodie A.M., Yu L.-R., Veenstra T.D., Chen H., Qiu Y.;
"Regulation of androgen receptor activity by tyrosine phosphorylation.";
Cancer Cell 10:309-319(2006).
[31]
ERRATUM.
Guo Z., Dai B., Jiang T., Xu K., Xie Y., Kim O., Nesheiwat I., Kong X., Melamed J., Handratta V.D., Njar V.C., Brodie A.M., Yu L.-R., Veenstra T.D., Chen H., Qiu Y.;
Cancer Cell 11:97-97(2007).
[32]
INTERACTION WITH RREB1.
DOI=10.1210/me.2006-0503; PubMed=17550981 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Mukhopadhyay N.K., Cinar B., Mukhopadhyay L., Lutchman M., Ferdinand A.S., Kim J., Chung L.W.K., Adam R.M., Ray S.K., Leiter A.B., Richie J.P., Liu B.C.-S., Freeman M.R.;
"The zinc finger protein Ras-responsive element binding protein-1 is a coregulator of the androgen receptor: implications for the role of the Ras pathway in enhancing androgenic signaling in prostate cancer.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 21:2056-2070(2007).
[33]
X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.4 ANGSTROMS) OF 657-919.
DOI=10.1074/jbc.M004571200; PubMed=10840043 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Matias P.M., Donner P., Coelho R., Thomaz M., Peixoto C., Macedo S., Otto N., Joschko S., Scholz P., Wegg A., Basler S., Schafer M., Egner U., Carrondo M.A.;
"Structural evidence for ligand specificity in the binding domain of the human androgen receptor. Implications for pathogenic gene mutations.";
J. Biol. Chem. 275:26164-26171(2000).
[34]
X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (1.95 ANGSTROMS) OF 670-917.
DOI=10.1021/jm011072j; PubMed=11906285 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Matias P.M., Carrondo M.A., Coelho R., Thomaz M., Zhao X.Y., Wegg A., Crusius K., Egner U., Donner P.;
"Structural basis for the glucocorticoid response in a mutant human androgen receptor (AR(ccr)) derived from an androgen-independent prostate cancer.";
J. Med. Chem. 45:1439-1446(2002).
[35]
REVIEW ON VARIANTS.
PubMed=1458719 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Pinsky L., Trifiro M.A., Kaufman M., Beitel L.K., Mhatre A., Kazemi-Esfarjani P., Sabbaghian N., Lumbroso R., Alvarado C., Vasiliou M., Gottlieb B.;
"Androgen resistance due to mutation of the androgen receptor.";
Clin. Invest. Med. 15:456-472(1992).
[36]
REVIEW ON VARIANTS AIS.
DOI=10.1007/BF02125442; PubMed=8339746 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Brown T.R., Scherer P.A., Chang Y.-T., Migeon C.J., Ghirri P., Murono K., Zhou Z.;
"Molecular genetics of human androgen insensitivity.";
Eur. J. Pediatr. 152 Suppl. 2:S62-S69(1993).
[37]
REVIEW ON VARIANTS.
DOI=10.1016/0960-0760(93)90178-Y; PubMed=8240973 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Sultan C., Lumbroso S., Poujol N., Belon C., Boudon C., Lobaccaro J.-M.;
"Mutations of androgen receptor gene in androgen insensitivity syndromes.";
J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 46:519-530(1993).
[38]
REVIEW ON VARIANTS.
PubMed=7937057 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Patterson M.N., Hughes I.A., Gottlieb B., Pinsky L.;
"The androgen receptor gene mutations database.";
Nucleic Acids Res. 22:3560-3562(1994).
[39]
REVIEW ON VARIANTS.
DOI=10.1016/0960-0760(95)00090-M; PubMed=7626493 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Brinkmann A.O., Jenster G., Ris-Stalpers C., van der Korput J.A.G.M., Bruggenwirth H.T., Boehmer A.L.M., Trapman J.;
"Androgen receptor mutations.";
J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 53:443-448(1995).
[40]
REVIEW ON VARIANTS.
DOI=10.1093/nar/25.1.158; PubMed=9016528 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Gottlieb B., Trifiro M.A., Lumbroso R., Vasiliou D.M., Pinsky L.;
"The androgen receptor gene mutations database.";
Nucleic Acids Res. 25:158-162(1997).
[41]
VARIANT LNCAP ALA-877.
DOI=10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80067-1; PubMed=2260966 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Veldscholte J., Ris-Stalpers C., Kuiper G.G.J.M., Jenster G., Berrevoets C.A., Claassen E., van Rooij H.C.J., Trapman J., Brinkmann A.O., Mulder E.;
"A mutation in the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor of human LNCaP cells affects steroid binding characteristics and response to anti-androgens.";
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173:534-540(1990).
[42]
VARIANTS CAIS CYS-774; GLN-831 AND MET-866.
PubMed=2082179 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Brown T.R., Lubahn D.B., Wilson E.M., French F.S., Migeon C.J., Corfen J.L.;
"Functional characterization of naturally occurring mutant androgen receptors from subjects with complete androgen insensitivity.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1759-1772(1990).
[43]
VARIANT CYS-774.
PubMed=1856263 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Marcelli M., Tilley W.D., Zoppi S., Griffin J.E., Wilson J.D., McPhaul M.J.;
"Androgen resistance associated with a mutation of the androgen receptor at amino acid 772 (Arg-->Cys) results from a combination of decreased messenger ribonucleic acid levels and impairment of receptor function.";
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73:318-325(1991).
[44]
VARIANT CAIS PRO-617.
PubMed=1999491 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Marcelli M., Zoppi S., Grino P.B., Griffin J.E., Wilson J.D., McPhaul M.J.;
"A mutation in the DNA-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene causes complete testicular feminization in a patient with receptor-positive androgen resistance.";
J. Clin. Invest. 87:1123-1126(1991).
[45]
VARIANT PAIS CYS-763.
PubMed=2010552 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
McPhaul M.J., Marcelli M., Tilley W.D., Griffin J.E., Isidro-Gutierrez R.F., Wilson J.D.;
"Molecular basis of androgen resistance in a family with a qualitative abnormality of the androgen receptor and responsive to high-dose androgen therapy.";
J. Clin. Invest. 87:1413-1421(1991).
[46]
POLY-GLN REGION EXPANSION, AND INVOLVEMENT IN SPINAL AND BULBAR MUSCULAR ATROPHY.
DOI=10.1038/352077a0; PubMed=2062380 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
la Spada A.R., Wilson E.M., Lubahn D.B., Harding A.E., Fischbeck K.H.;
"Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.";
Nature 352:77-79(1991).
[47]
VARIANTS CAIS CYS-774 AND HIS-774.
PubMed=1609793 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Prior L., Bordet S., Trifiro M.A., Mhatre A., Kaufman M., Pinsky L., Wrogemann K., Belsham D.D., Pereira F., Greenberg C.R., Trapman J., Brinkmann A.O., Chang C., Liao S.;
"Replacement of arginine 773 by cysteine or histidine in the human androgen receptor causes complete androgen insensitivity with different receptor phenotypes.";
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51:143-155(1992).
[48]
VARIANTS PAIS LYS-608 AND LEU-866.
PubMed=1424203 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Saunders P.T., Padayachi T., Tincello D.G., Shalet S.M., Wu F.C.;
"Point mutations detected in the androgen receptor gene of three men with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome.";
Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 37:214-220(1992).
[49]
VARIANT CAIS THR-765.
PubMed=1426313 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Sweet C.R., Behzadian M.A., McDonough P.G.;
"A unique point mutation in the androgen receptor gene in a family with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.";
Fertil. Steril. 58:703-707(1992).
[50]
VARIANT CAIS VAL-749.
DOI=10.1007/BF00220088; PubMed=1487249 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Jakubiczka S., Werder E.A., Wieacker P.;
"Point mutation in the steroid-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene in a family with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS).";
Hum. Genet. 90:311-312(1992).
[51]
VARIANTS CAIS, AND VARIANTS PAIS.
DOI=10.1093/hmg/1.7.497; PubMed=1307250 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Batch J.A., Williams D.M., Davies H.R., Brown B.D., Evans B.A.J., Hughes I.A., Patterson M.N.;
"Androgen receptor gene mutations identified by SSCP in fourteen subjects with androgen insensitivity syndrome.";
Hum. Mol. Genet. 1:497-503(1992).
[52]
VARIANT CAIS VAL-787.
DOI=10.1210/jc.74.5.1152; PubMed=1569163 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Nakao R., Haji M., Yanase T., Ogo A., Takayanagi R., Katsube T., Fukumaki Y., Nawata H.;
"A single amino acid substitution (Met-786-->Val) in the steroid-binding domain of human androgen receptor leads to complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.";
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74:1152-1157(1992).
[53]
VARIANTS CAIS ARG-741 AND CYS-834.
DOI=10.1210/jc.75.6.1474; PubMed=1464650 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Wilson C.M., Griffin J.E., Wilson J.D., Marcelli M., Zoppi S., McPhaul M.J.;
"Immunoreactive androgen receptor expression in subjects with androgen resistance.";
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75:1474-1478(1992).
[54]
VARIANTS CAIS, AND VARIANTS PAIS.
PubMed=1430233 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
McPhaul M.J., Marcelli M., Zoppi S., Wilson C.M., Griffin J.E., Wilson J.D.;
"Mutations in the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene cluster in two regions of the gene.";
J. Clin. Invest. 90:2097-2101(1992).
[55]
VARIANT PROSTATE CANCER ALA-877.
DOI=10.1016/0960-0760(92)90401-4; PubMed=1562539 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Veldscholte J., Berrevoets C.A., Ris-Stalpers C., Kuiper G.G.J.M., Jenster G., Trapman J., Brinkmann A.O., Mulder E.;
"The androgen receptor in LNCaP cells contains a mutation in the ligand binding domain which affects steroid binding characteristics and response to antiandrogens.";
J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 41:665-669(1992).
[56]
VARIANTS CAIS TYR-559 AND ARG-576, AND VARIANTS PAIS GLY-597 AND PRO-617.
DOI=10.1210/me.6.3.409; PubMed=1316540 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Zoppi S., Marcelli M., Deslypere J.-P., Griffin J.E., Wilson J.D., McPhaul M.J.;
"Amino acid substitutions in the DNA-binding domain of the human androgen receptor are a frequent cause of receptor-binding positive androgen resistance.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 6:409-415(1992).
[57]
VARIANTS CAIS SER-705; VAL-749; PHE-759; HIS-774; CYS-855 AND GLY-864.
DOI=10.1210/me.6.11.1909; PubMed=1480178 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
De Bellis A., Quigley C.A., Cariello N.F., el-Awady M.K., Sar M., Lane M.V., Wilson E.M., French F.S.;
"Single base mutations in the human androgen receptor gene causing complete androgen insensitivity: rapid detection by a modified denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 6:1909-1920(1992).
[58]
VARIANT PAIS/BREAST CANCER GLN-607.
DOI=10.1038/ng1092-132; PubMed=1303262 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Wooster R., Mangion J., Eeles R., Smith S., Dowsett M., Averill D., Barrett-Lee P., Easton D.F., Ponder B.A., Stratton M.R.;
"A germline mutation in the androgen receptor gene in two brothers with breast cancer and Reifenstein syndrome.";
Nat. Genet. 2:132-134(1992).
[59]
VARIANT MET-730.
PubMed=1631125 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Newmark J.R., Hardy D.O., Tonb D.C., Carter B.S., Epstein J.I., Isaacs W.B., Brown T.R., Barrack E.R.;
"Androgen receptor gene mutations in human prostate cancer.";
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:6319-6323(1992).
[60]
VARIANTS ARG-205 AND ASP-793.
PubMed=8213813 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Macke J.P., Hu N., Hu S., Bailey M., King V.L., Brown T., Hamer D., Nathans J.;
"Sequence variation in the androgen receptor gene is not a common determinant of male sexual orientation.";
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53:844-852(1993).
[61]
VARIANT CAIS PHE-581.
PubMed=8224266 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Lumbroso S., Lobaccaro J.-M., Belon C., Martin D., Chaussain J.-L., Sultan C.;
"A new mutation within the deoxyribonucleic acid-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene in a family with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.";
Fertil. Steril. 60:814-819(1993).
[62]
VARIANT CAIS VAL-754.
DOI=10.1093/hmg/2.7.1041; PubMed=8103398 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Lobaccaro J.-M., Lumbroso S., Ktari R., Dumas R., Sultan C.;
"An exonic point mutation creates a MaeIII site in the androgen receptor gene of a family with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.";
Hum. Mol. Genet. 2:1041-1043(1993).
[63]
VARIANT PAIS/BREAST CANCER LYS-608.
DOI=10.1093/hmg/2.11.1799; PubMed=8281139 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Lobaccaro J.-M., Lumbroso S., Belon C., Galtier-Dereure F., Bringer J., Lesimple T., Namer M., Cutuli B.F., Pujol H., Sultan C.;
"Androgen receptor gene mutation in male breast cancer.";
Hum. Mol. Genet. 2:1799-1802(1993).
[64]
VARIANT CAIS ARG-807.
DOI=10.1093/hmg/2.11.1809; PubMed=8281140 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Adeyemo O., Kallio P.J., Palvimo J.J., Kontula K., Jaenne O.A.;
"A single-base substitution in exon 6 of the androgen receptor gene causing complete androgen insensitivity: the mutated receptor fails to transactivate but binds to DNA in vitro.";
Hum. Mol. Genet. 2:1809-1812(1993).
[65]
VARIANT PAIS VAL-743.
DOI=10.1210/jc.77.1.103; PubMed=8325932 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Nakao R., Yanase T., Sakai Y., Haji M., Nawata H.;
"A single amino acid substitution (Gly743 --> Val) in the steroid-binding domain of the human androgen receptor leads to Reifenstein syndrome.";
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77:103-107(1993).
[66]
VARIANTS CAIS LYS-681 AND THR-842, AND VARIANTS PAIS HIS-840 AND LEU-866.
DOI=10.1210/jc.77.1.262; PubMed=8325950 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Hiort O., Huang Q., Sinnecker G.H., Sadeghi-Nejad A., Kruse K., Wolfe H.J., Yandell D.W.;
"Single strand conformation polymorphism analysis of androgen receptor gene mutations in patients with androgen insensitivity syndromes: application for diagnosis, genetic counseling, and therapy.";
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77:262-266(1993).
[67]
VARIANTS PAIS HIS-855 AND MET-869.
PubMed=8097257 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Batch J.A., Evans B.A.J., Hughes I.A., Patterson M.N.;
"Mutations of the androgen receptor gene identified in perineal hypospadias.";
J. Med. Genet. 30:198-201(1993).
[68]
VARIANT CAIS VAL-743.
DOI=10.1016/0960-0760(93)90081-7; PubMed=8096390 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Lobaccaro J.-M., Lumbroso S., Berta P., Chaussain J.-L., Sultan C.;
"Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome associated with a de novo mutation of the androgen receptor gene detected by single strand conformation polymorphism.";
J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 44:211-216(1993).
[69]
VARIANTS PROSTATE CANCER HIS-701 AND ALA-877.
DOI=10.1016/0960-0760(93)90316-O; PubMed=8274409 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Suzuki H., Sato N., Watabe Y., Masai M., Seino S., Shimazaki J.;
"Androgen receptor gene mutations in human prostate cancer.";
J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 46:759-765(1993).
[70]
VARIANT CAIS MET-866, AND VARIANT PAIS LEU-866.
DOI=10.1210/me.7.1.37; PubMed=8446106 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Kazemi-Esfarjani P., Beitel L.K., Trifiro M.A., Kaufman M., Rennie P., Sheppard P., Matusik R., Pinsky L.;
"Substitution of valine-865 by methionine or leucine in the human androgen receptor causes complete or partial androgen insensitivity, respectively with distinct androgen receptor phenotypes.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 7:37-46(1993).
[71]
VARIANT CAIS HIS-615.
DOI=10.1210/me.7.7.861; PubMed=8413310 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Mowszowicz I., Lee H.J., Chen H.T., Mestayer C., Portois M.C., Cabrol S., Mauvais-Jarvis P., Chang C.;
"A point mutation in the second zinc finger of the DNA-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene causes complete androgen insensitivity in two siblings with receptor-positive androgen resistance.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 7:861-869(1993).
[72]
VARIANT PROSTATE CANCER MET-715.
DOI=10.1210/me.7.12.1541; PubMed=8145761 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Culig Z., Hobisch A., Cronauer M.V., Cato A.C.B., Hittmair A., Radmayr C., Eberle J., Bartsch G., Klocker H.;
"Mutant androgen receptor detected in an advanced-stage prostatic carcinoma is activated by adrenal androgens and progesterone.";
Mol. Endocrinol. 7:1541-1550(1993).
[73]
VARIANTS CAIS PHE-581; VAL-743; VAL-754; GLU-767 AND CYS-855.
Lobaccaro J.-M., Lumbroso S., Belon C., Chaussain J.L., Toublanc J.E., Leheup B., Sultan C.;
"Androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations in 6 families with androgen insensitivity syndrome (Abstract #114).";
Pediatr. Res. Suppl. 33:S22-S22(1993).
[74]
VARIANTS PROSTATE CANCER LEU-340 AND GLU-798.
PubMed=7511268 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Castagnaro M., Yandell D.W., Dockhorn-Dworniczak B., Wolfe H.J., Poremba C.;
"Androgen receptor gene mutations and p53 gene analysis in advanced prostate cancer.";
Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Pathol. 77:119-123(1993).
[75]
POLY-GLN REGION CONTRACTION, AND INVOLVEMENT IN PROSTATE CANCER.
DOI=10.1006/bbrc.1994.1011; PubMed=8292051 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Schoenberg M.P., Hakimi J.M., Wang S., Bova G.S., Epstein J.I., Fischbeck K.H., Isaacs W.B., Walsh P.C., Barrack E.R.;
"Microsatellite mutation (CAG24-->18) in the androgen receptor gene in human prostate cancer.";
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 198:74-80(1994).
[76]
VARIANT PROSTATE CANCER ALA-877.
PubMed=8187068 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Gaddipati J.P., McLeod D.G., Heidenberg H.B., Sesterhenn I.A., Finger M.J., Moul J.W., Srivastava S.;
"Frequent detection of codon 877 mutation in the androgen receptor gene in advanced prostate cancers.";
Cancer Res. 54:2861-2864(1994).
[77]
VARIANT PAIS TRP-568.
PubMed=7910529 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Lobaccaro J.-M., Belon C., Lumbroso S., Olewniczack G., Carre-Pigeon F., Job J.C., Chaussain J.L., Toublanc J.E., Sultan C.;
"Molecular prenatal diagnosis of partial androgen insensitivity syndrome based on the Hind III polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene.";
Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 40:297-302(1994).
[78]
VARIANT PAIS HIS-840.
PubMed=7909256 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Lumbroso S., Lobaccaro J.-M., Belon C., Amram S., Bachelard B., Garandeau P., Sultan C.;
"Molecular prenatal exclusion of familial partial androgen insensitivity (Reifenstein syndrome).";
Eur. J. Endocrinol. 130:327-332(1994).
[79]
VARIANT PAIS HIS-840.
PubMed=8205256 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Imasaki K., Hasegawa T., Okabe T., Sakai Y., Haji M., Takayanagi R., Nawata H.;
"Single amino acid substitution (840Arg-->His) in the hormone-binding domain of the androgen receptor leads to incomplete androgen insensitivity syndrome associated with a thermolabile androgen receptor.";
Eur. J. Endocrinol. 130:569-574(1994).
[80]
VARIANT PAIS VAL-870.
DOI=10.1007/s004310050143; PubMed=8033918 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Hiort O., Klauber G., Cendron M., Sinnecker G.H., Keim L., Schwinger E., Wolfe H.J., Yandell D.W.;
"Molecular characterization of the androgen receptor gene in boys with hypospadias.";
Eur. J. Pediatr. 153:317-321(1994).
[81]
VARIANT PAIS ASP-690 DEL.
Schwartz M., Skovby F., Mueller J., Nielsen O., Skakkebaek N.E.;
"Partial androgen insensitivity (PAIS) in a large eskimo kindred caused by a delD690 mutation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene (Abstract #244).";
Horm. Res. 41:117-117(1994).
[82]
VARIANTS CAIS PHE-582 DEL; ARG-615 DEL AND HIS-615.
DOI=10.1093/hmg/3.1.21; PubMed=8162033 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Beitel L.K., Prior L., Vasiliou D.M., Gottlieb B., Kaufman M., Lumbroso R., Alvarado C., McGillivray B., Trifiro M.A., Pinsky L.;
"Complete androgen insensitivity due to mutations in the probable alpha-helical segments of the DNA-binding domain in the human androgen receptor.";
Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:21-27(1994).
[83]
VARIANTS PAIS SER-582; TYR-604; ALA-708; LEU-754 AND HIS-771, AND VARIANT CAIS TRP-779.
DOI=10.1093/hmg/3.7.1163; PubMed=7981687 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Hiort O., Wodtke A., Struve D., Zoellner A., Sinnecker G.H.;
"Detection of point mutations in the androgen receptor gene using non-isotopic single strand conformation polymorphism analysis.";
Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:1163-1166(1994).
[84]
VARIANT CAIS PHE-601.
DOI=10.1093/hmg/3.7.1169; PubMed=7981689 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Baldazzi L., Baroncini C., Pirazzoli P., Balsamo A., Capelli M., Marchetti G., Bernardi F., Cacciari E.;
"Two mutations causing complete androgen insensitivity: a frame-shift in the steroid binding domain and a Cys-->Phe substitution in the second zinc finger of the androgen receptor.";
Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:1169-1170(1994).
[85]
VARIANTS PAIS ARG-616; HIS-840 AND MET-889.
DOI=10.1210/jc.78.3.513; PubMed=8126121 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
De Bellis A., Quigley C.A., Marschke K.B., el-Awady M.K., Lane M.V., Smith E.P., Sar M., Wilson E.M., French F.S.;
"Characterization of mutant androgen receptors causing partial androgen insensitivity syndrome.";
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 78:513-522(1994).
[86]
VARIANT MAIS PHE-790.
DOI=10.1210/jc.79.4.1202; PubMed=7962294 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Tsukada T., Inoue M., Tachibana S., Nakai Y., Takebe H.;
"An androgen receptor mutation causing androgen resistance in undervirilized male syndrome.";
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79:1202-1207(1994).
[87]
VARIANTS PAIS CYS-840 AND HIS-840.
PubMed=8040309 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Beitel L.K., Kazemi-Esfarjani P., Kaufman M., Lumbroso R., DiGeorge A.M., Killinger D.W., Trifiro M.A., Pinsky L.;
"Substitution of arginine-839 by cysteine or histidine in the androgen receptor causes different receptor phenotypes in cultured cells and coordinate degrees of clinical androgen resistance.";
J. Clin. Invest. 94:546-554(1994).
[88]
VARIANTS CAIS, AND VARIANTS PAIS.
PubMed=7929841 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Marcelli M., Zoppi S., Wilson C.M., Griffin J.E., McPhaul M.J.;
"Amino acid substitutions in the hormone-binding domain of the human androgen receptor alter the stability of the hormone receptor complex.";
J. Clin. Invest. 94:1642-1650(1994).
[89]
VARIANT MAIS LYS-727.
DOI=10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92385-X; PubMed=7993455 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Yong E.L., Ng S.C., Roy A.C., Yun G., Ratnam S.S.;
"Pregnancy after hormonal correction of severe spermatogenic defect du